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- Botero, J., Djankov , S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). The regulation of labour. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1339-1382.
- Center for Global Workers' Rights. (2020). Labour Rights Indicators. Retrieved from Penn State University: http://labour-rights-indicators.la.psu.edu/
- Diane F. Frey, G. M. (2016). A Human Rights Lens on Full Employment and Decent Work in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. SAGE.
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- Heymann, J., & Earle, A. (2009). Raising the global floor: dismantling the myth that we can't afford good working conditions for everyone. Stanford University Press.
- ILO. (2008). ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---cabinet/documents/genericdocument/wcms_371208.pdf
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- World Economic Forum. (2016). The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2016-2017/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2016-2017_FINAL.pdf
- Yang, L. (2014). An Inventory of Composite Measures of Human Progress. United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report Office.
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FOOTNOTE
1. Comparative Labour Law Expert at the WageIndicator Foundation and Founder of the Centre for Labour Research
2. A 2014 UN report provides an inventory of 101 composite measures of well-being and progress, covering a broad range of themes from governance to gender disparity and poverty to economic progress. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/inventory-composite-measures-human-progress
3. The Labour Rights Index 2020 is based on national labour legislation, applicable on 01 January 2020. It does not take into account COVID-19 related labour market measures.
4. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
5. Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment.
6. MDGs included 8 Goals, 21 Targets and 60 indicators.
https://www.unicef.org/statistics/index_24304.html ; https://www.cepal.org/cgi-bin/getProd.asp?xml=/mdg/noticias/paginas/7/35557/P35557.xml&xsl=/mdg/tpl/p18f-st.xsl&base=/mdg/tpl-i/top-bottom.xsl
7. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg8
8. Frey and MacNaughton, 2016. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244016649580
9. Including SDGs 2,3,4,5,9,10,11,12 & 16. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework_A.RES.71.313%20Annex.pdf
10. Anner, Kucera and Sari, 2017
11. UN, 2014. http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/reports/SG_Synthesis_Report_Road_to_Dignity_by_2030.pdf
12. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244016649580
13. These include Working Conditions Laws Database (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/travmain.home), Global Database on Occupational Safety and Health Legislation (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/legosh/en/f?p=14100:1:::NO:: ), Employment protection legislation database (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/eplex/termmain.home?p_lang=en), Industrial Relations Database (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/irlex/en/f?p=14100:1:0::NO::: ), and Labour Inspection Country Profiles (http://ilo.org/labadmin/info/WCMS_DOC_LAB_INF_CTR_EN/lang--en/index.htm)
14. Now referred to as Labour Market Regulation http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/employing-workers
15. http://wbl.worldbank.org/
16. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-competitiveness-report-2016-2017-1
17. http://www.nber.org/papers/w11598
18. https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2020/book/index_2020.pdf As explained in the Methodology, the Labour Freedom component considers seven quantitative sub factors and is part of Regulatory Efficiency, one of the four major aspects of economic and entrepreneurial environment.
19. http://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/index.html
20. https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/oecdindicatorsofemploymentprotection.htm
21. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/256566
22. International Trade Union Congress
23. While violations in law are identified through legal document analysis, violations in practice are identified through questionnaires sent to the 325 ITUC affiliates in 161 countries and territories representing 176 million workers as well as the Global Union Federations.
24. https://survey.ituc-csi.org/ITUC-Global-Rights-Index.html
25. http://labour-rights-indicators.la.psu.edu/
26. Centre for Labour Research is a non-profit organization based in Pakistan. For details of contributions, please refer to acknowledgements.
27. Doing Business 2004 report defines labour law to include the following four types of regulations: “employment regulation, social security laws, industrial relations, and workplace safety and health laws”. https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB04-FullReport.pdf (p.30)
29. https://www.ilo.org/integration/themes/mdw/WCMS_189392/lang--en/index.htm
30. https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/ilo-bookstore/order-online/books/WCMS_146566/lang--en/index.htm (page 101)
31. Botero, J. Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shliefer, A. 2004. “The Regulation of Labour” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119(4), pp. 1339-1382
32. Heymann, J., and Earle, A. 2009. Raising the global floor: dismantling the myth that we can't afford good working conditions for everyone. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Politics and Policy.
33. ILO estimates that the large-scale workplace closures around the world in response to COVID-19 have led to a reduction in hours worked of 10.7% worldwide in the second quarter of 2020. Based on 48-hour working week, this translates into the loss of 305 million jobs. Moreover, of the 3.5 billion global labour force, 60% are engaged in the informal economy. ILO estimates that 1.6 billion of these 2 billion workers face an imminent threat to their livelihoods as average income in the informal economy shrunk by 60 per cent in the first month of the pandemic. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/events/WCMS_747476/lang--en/index.htm
35. Mandatory statutory access to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.
36. Non-compulsory statutory access to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.
37. Conditional statutory access to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.
38. Statutory access to more than one type of coverage to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.
39. Statutory access to special systems (such as schemes) relevant to social security (old age, survivors’ and disability pensions) for self-employed workers.
40. For the minimum wage question, the Index considers lowest rates, notified by the governments, to ensure comparability of data. These may include minimum wage rates for unskilled work.
41. Includes foreign workers which comprise most of the labour force in some countries
42. Decent Work Check is a WageIndicator concept which has been developed over more than a decade to inform workers about their workplace rights on a global level.
43. https://wageindicator.org/
44. WHO defines COVID-19 as an infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus. The virus and disease were unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many countries globally. (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses)
The Coronavirus Resource Centre at the John Hopkins University reports more than 30 million cases and 0.94 million deaths from the deadly pandemic since its outbreak in December 2019.
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
45. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_627189/lang--en/index.htm
46. Since the focus of Labour Rights Index has been the labour force, it was decided to cover most populous areas in federal states where local legislation is considerably different from the federal legislation. The following federal states with the most populous areas were chosen: Australia (New South Wales), Canada (Ontario), India (Uttar Pradesh), Pakistan (Punjab), and the United States of America (California)
47. This includes rules and regulations issued by the administrative departments.
48. Although these conventions provide for compensatory rest days for those workers engaged on a weekly rest holiday, these can be used as a model to provide compensatory rest days to workers working on public holidays.
49. The Global Commission on the Future of Work 2019 recommended the development of an “international governance system for digital labour platforms” requiring platforms (and clients) to respect certain minimum rights and protections. The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 (MLC, 2006) can be used as an example.
51. A similar approach has been used by the International Trade Union Confederation under its ITUC Global Rights Index 2020. https://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-global-rights-index-2020
52. To make data comparable at the global level, a five-day work week is assumed and hence the required days of leave is at least 15 working days.
53. For data comparability, 4-week notice period is also considered equivalent to 30-day notice period.
54. Taking into account the fact that the first six months are vital for the healthy development of a child (UNICEF, 2019), the Labour Rights Index considers four-month parental leave along with compulsory post-natal leave of 6 weeks. It is just 18 days short of 180 days!
55. To give equal treatment to workers, labour legislation must regulate the gig economy and provide the following universal labour guarantees or basic labour protections to the gig workers: access to fundamental workers' rights, social protection, adequate living wages, decent working hours, and safe and healthy workplaces.
56. Work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardise the health, safety or morals of young persons
57. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 23 and 25 and country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Centre for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Centre for Global Workers’ Rights.
58. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 62, 65 and 68 as well as country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Centre for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Centre for Global Workers’ Rights.
59. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 84, 86 and 92 as well as country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Center for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Center for Global Workers’ Rights.
60. Scoring of this question also takes into account the evaluation criteria number 30 and 94, and country responses under SDG indicator 8.8.2 on labour rights. The details of evaluation criteria are given at UN Stats, ILO and Center for Global Workers’ Rights. For country responses, please refer to Labour Rights Indicators at Center for Global Workers’ Rights.